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[^_] h* sK hL t@ t;U PPj 58F (X = =d 58F SQ 8-u 8ru RRh{ 8-u 8ruRRRh{ u> hX 5X$ 5\$ 5X$ 5`$ 5d$ 5`$ X$ \$ `$ d$ H$ ~* H$ =h$ WVS 5X$ ZYVP h$ Y_V _Zh l$ Y^S h$ ZYh h$ [^h l$ _Zh p$ [^_] WS 58F sd uM QQh '1 _ZSP 0i 0i 0i [_] t{ ur Y= QQh uE *= RPh 58F WVS (j Z6 t1 ~!QQh XZVj [^_] =pi PPj h` u u) PPhR t- t/ x} =p =d pi Qj Sj =t} ?t u. t% T$ tM tD PP 58F 58F t+ pi pi di hi di [] @) [] St5 )~, u t -t }d (}Z tH &tP1 uJ ;t6 }& [] VS Ti t0 Ti [^] U1 WV ZYSP PShH 5`i [^_] WVS SS 5@l @l ;] ~E C9] RQ QP t) t$ t( ~M C9] D2 [^_] j Ti Ti t) t$ [^_] Ti Ti 58F 58F WVS =hi =P =l( SSj QQhR li hi RRSj hi tr di PP PR hi hi hi di hi di [^_] uy ;u` wT }d |5 ~T u% }; w t'1 WS Wj Qj wq ta _ZSP QQ RP t$ RRh [_] WVS tX =pi uO tD Vj QSh' 5`i x tr tg < t Nu "RRPhO F9 < t uL PSVW t: QPhV 5`i Dw uL =pi RPh 5`i =pi pi [^_] t$1 ZYSP [_] h7 hM j Ph RRj `i Xi Xi pi `i SQ Xi pi pi Xi uP xG t+ H$ Rj PP `i Xi 9P t8U u" 5hi hm hc t" Ti t 1 U1 Ti =Ti ~9P 5`i Li =Ti t* ~vU h| 5`i {q =pi pi 5p S1 RRPV [^] tV t1 t [^] VS |i =Li t1 =|i |i )u ~A u*PPh |i uH = u5 u t iuB 3= [^] xi WVS j0 !u? t; !u Y[hP RR RP T$ SS Pj t 0< 4$ du Ph tu Ph Tu Ph @u Ph Au Ph <}t u f %X RWh <$ !v `& vu PP 5L 5H 5L !# u2VVh Qh PW t RR RP tQ /u t`t u; t7 !, t @l t~ 't ;E +E @PV u" @l t^ 'uX @l t= ;] | +E @WWPV tW @l t@ ;] | +E @QQPV D> 9M @l 9} 9} t' t! {u v. @l u! @l ;] |& +E @RPV 'u8 @l \u @l %u uD /u* t& ~a @l ^u ,u* t& ~' @l u2PP t} vc @l u[QQ uE v4 @l DE tI )~@ t5 Du* 'u$ @l 9M , @l Li Pi B9 RRP 5Hi Pi Hi Li Hi Li "E t5 @l PP Li =\& @l HPj *~ u7 t3 u+ 4H "uu =\& uf @l tO HPj {H ;E +E @l P1 t; ;E +E @PV PP [t @l 9M (u P1 {u AP [u P1 t; ;E +E @RRPV PP $u3 @l 9U [^_] WVS P1 )t @l t) t$ QHP VP RHPVW (P HP VP [^_] VS xi u3 5@O |( RRP ui \ud t^ `i \C = [^] WVS 5`i (ub )t9 PSh* WWhA Pj t0= !u- $} ts1 TZ PSj VPhN 5`i Z@ QQh 4$ VVh1 5`i 5> Oz }R WPj IPPh 5`i 8= RRh [^_] SP PSj SP PSj WVS LHu t. `i ~V ty =pi t!= PPh R< PSh PPhM , s% pi #uM t =P( tb @l tK1 u" s9 SSh -u @l u% @l |u$ t @l t? ;u5 t1 @l uD (ua uU @l t= `i (u! @l (u @l =$ @l Li Hi \ud @l tL1 , , @l Pi @9 QQP 5Hi Pi Hi Hi Li Li Li |$ WWP VVSP QQj$S E (t @l Pi @9 RRP 5Hi Pi Hi Li Hi WWj Li Li |$ QQP RRVP 4$ @l @l =Li Pi SSP 5Hi Pi Hi Li Hi QQ Li Li |$ RRP D8 WWSP > > u RV u tn1 ;U |. 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WVS WW =| Vj 5| ZY [^_] t!U QQRP PSh RRSP PSh SQ @= At4 RSh t& :- QQPh PS 6h [^_] U1 WVS @ VVh t, pt #f 5$ [^_] <=t u' tS tT <=u QQj RRSh PP PS [^_] V1 PPhv t. at [^] WVS =P XZj PPh# ftm ltX qtf vt* tM tI QRh8 s t] tY tIP Pj PShR PPWhf PPWh ePPW1 t> QGPRh h? sF t@ hf QQPV @t2 t,RRj [^_] [^_] VS t. t' 8-u QQh K_ td RPj |%PP [^] VS t. t' 8-u QQh td RPj |%PP [^] VS uE t@ 0V 5l [^] [^] WVS t, t% 8-u WWh u k @t ) Pj j ;0 Pj j h) Dt VV hX s, uY up tjSSj &Z uWQQ tJ u$ t RRj PP t #} t# +~K u@ (ur )uh PP 0h :S (u' )u +~! @t @t PP @t PP h< @t* PP ha @u$ Du "] S t8 t0 [S tN @t) ZYhX ug t[SSj QQP tt _ZS Y[h ~ !G [^_] U1 =x} hl WVS t{ ?-uv t RRPh tJ t; t( pu un tj t< t6 VVP SS 5l -l 2O 0Vh RR 0h XZW tp D0 PPSh +e @0 =n PFP j @q D0 T8 Pj Rj u$ D0 D8 VR Ph PR XZV D0 T: PPSh t5 jc [_h D0 u]QQW b u! D0 RPW Hu tO tK 8/uF u@ 3PR PPW1 u( t6 \b <8 tU tQ 8/uL uF 3PR qg W1 uU :g D0 <8 tWPh h+ )` t8 Si Qh hC ^f >f hC hC z_ 58 hC Z_ 54 R_ ,R Wh u& h$ [^_] WV1 QQhm ntY atH u] ct: duL rt* pu0 st wu! hw t3 = u1 XZj =$ =$ PP Ij 0h PP 7k (] a\ VVP t+ O SSh O t1 QPj hg .{ qx rg t" b PVh t# #u @Ph [c RRh *R CPh tS Pj (] = [^_] W1 VS1 QQh ptY lt\ nta u9 stZ xt ru# 5$ ta 8%uS xC; }; t( RP Fi _% 4$ [^Whq <$ <$ u1 Yb Yj ;b PRj CW 4$ Pj Wj JC Pj [^_] W1 V1 QQh tF at' ht rt" u+ t' XZ G^ <$ WRj tDPP t* PPj u# U: RRj Pj Wj [^_] WVS t* 8-u#RRh 8- Lu st nuM t< 80 PPV -u u(@WW VP hJ QQj 8- t6RR RP t %t QQPh= XZj 1[ 4$ VWj u' Wj Vj Qj Pj `R y> C[ RPVh2 [^_] VS tA >-u RRh >-u$ -u hc )PP [^] WV1 PPh dtc ut WWP tB x8 u/ $Y PSh 4VV hn QQP uVRR SSP PP PP PP PP t9 h; PPj SSWhU s 9} PV uZ ux RP PV @u ;U <$ XY hn WR 3U 9U [^_] hw PPh P ZYj ZYSP St t,1 ~ ) [^_] WVS t) t" 8-u SSh luW -ug @Q QP uL cu vu pu -u +t 8+ L t11 iJ t. hp _Zh QPj RRPh tw tK VP Ph SSPh ~" QP +E Ph RPWh [^_] WVS t^ ;-u PPh ;- =D u( WP uG Sj QQP @9 D8 =< RRj y] 7 u$ h* E4 h7 +s =x tW t3 =x t2 hp h* 6PPj @t PP h< r t& Pj SV s~ u} t4 PhQ Q, Pj ShQ < u 0V PPj u WP tO t@ jY u5 QQ tN RP )~ t@ t@ t@ t" Z) [^_] hp SQ t. t' 8-u RRh =h PPj hJ U1 Pj hl U1 hF Di =Di Pj h~ h< h< h< -u u*RRPh ,Z !G [QQj u 8+u z[ =t D; -g XZVQ [v D; @t @t to t @t PW PR u 1 [^_] WVS t1 t* 8-u#RRh WPj t- y# VVhP zY ;E =@ u p} tj 01 e? ZYVP p} p} [^_] =x} xZ [Z WVS h\ ,V 0t'WWj/V pX QQj/V 0t WWj XZVhw 90t ,} w, c= ZYVP h/ B Y_Vh ! t7 PPj XZj jA tr jA ua tW uN YRP XZWh YXWh $A PP1 PV $/ [^_] ]- S1 =H PPh E t fu =l( u1 5$ 'PPhM ZYj u- :[uG uA hR *RR RP XS VS PVj ZYSj XZV $ Y^P XZS $ Y[P [^] VS /t7 t/Q t# /t Rj Vj 4$ PVSh_ h^ PPSh [^_] WVS ?- Ht, t+ DF St aus PPSh \E | RP 0. ~b u" t ;u kE ~ 9 y' PkE u. tC <% Y^j 4$ VSj Rj Pj QQPS RRj d> Pj Vj [^_] t(Pj VS [^] WVS l; PPh PP 5$ <:u t9 WPS p} u<1 <+ Wh M) t p} WRS :u Wj Php 7z ?u t6 u' uJ uR :u. Rj Ph 'Pj 5( oy [^_] S1 RRPV [^] QPRh QRPh SQ tO Z1 [] |9 [^] ti \& P( 0} `& wH WVS (j2 t0 ZYVP [^_] [^] x/ [^] PPVh [^] U1 WV B1 t3 t) RRWP h' Pj Vh' =s t [^_] S1 tT SS Rh #k QQV h' [^_] W1 VS )& VVh0 tO pt/ t- ou/ st ut qu S1 h6 u7 SPj t6 -Ph QPRh t? tj -QQ 0W RP t@ [^_] t* h u% [^_] p2 [^_] 9U [^_] ZYj PP tA x(k QQj SuY h' tE s< Du7 ZYSP [_] WVS Dx D8 DJ t59} t0 a< QQ h% #+ RSP t) \1 +E [^_] j" PShC WV w! @R RP [^_] WVS s, RRP [^_] U1 WS v2RR @P @P [_] W1 V1 t~ <'t <"u PV b* 9"u [^_] SQ t: Z[] U) VS VSRP w; @P PR SRP [^] ,8 RWVS PWVS [^_] WVS 8% PPQhS EE *u yd 01 wO w$ ;.ul <*tg w] w&kM 9} td t< j 0f t< j [^_] WVS PPhZ t1 uG )RRj :4 @u t81 u6 <\ <%t- j% PP PhS *u 0< w 8.uM <*u <<-u 0< w PPVh] "u t% <$ <$ t/ <$ <$ t <$ <$ <$S <$S RRVh PP [^_] WVS ;E uV ;M :- <-u 2P PV t t- 7h 58F W9E uA 7h 58F :t [^_] =0 WVS +u m9 58 -t +u +u 5$ -uXPPh 5$ -u :t PPSQ uo t. <:t <-t <+u +u .<;u <# 0< t6 RR /} [^_] S1 RRPV [^] W1 S1 RRh rt; ptH kE QQPR t t z PPRh [^_] h4 @t PPh> hJ PPhB hJ PPhQ hJ PPhZ hJ t PPhd hJ QQhl hJ RRhu PPhx PPh' t PPh{ PPh& s PPh~ PPh QQh RRh PPh PPh PPh PPh PPh @t PPhr QQh RRh PPh PPhM PPh PPh PPh PPh SSh t) /r t) t) t) F( t) oq F t) ?q QPh ?_u hJ PPh> PPhB hJ PPhB PPhQ hJ PPhQ WWhZ hJ QQhZ t RRhd hJ PPhd PPhl hJ PPhl @t PPh> hJ PPhB hJ PPhQ hJ WWhZ hJ t QQhd hJ >_u)uPRRj|W u? Pj| Y 9} [^_] VS Ht Sj @u tT ?tJ *tC +t( [t @t \t ]t (u t [^] WVS D$ t) D> u( wPP XZ D> YXSW ZPV x+ D$ O1 u4 9U =` tLP nC =, t] u% ;S t! 4$ u6 QV RR HP sv \$ u, tL u) [^_] WVS 8j ty PPj/ PPj/ +] ;*us *um Sj|WQ ZY F;u RR ;u FE [^_] WVS ty tp 9} u+1 9M u- ?uk DX (u 9M Y \t8 9u 9E u3 9E t8 DX Dp t! .u 9M 9E /u t+ ?uJ ;(u& ua ?ut @9E ;(uP 9M v( CPj 9] ;C 9M .u 9M Dp t7 [^_] [^_] WVS ;E 9E [t, ]t] !t D} ta 9x tl 9M ~F '1 [^_] WVS 8(j uf +E ug t t PP +w *s, QQ t5 ;] 9} Rj| ;] PP ;] PP ?t 9E EE PP ;] t+ ;] 9u Pj| 9] t>Qj| [Z ;u RR ;u FE [^_] WVS tz 9u u4 9M u5 ?us (u 9M \t9 9U 9E u8 9E tI t# 9] t" .u 9M 9E /u t+ ?uU ;(u& ue ?uz 9E v ;(uK 9u v'P Pj 9] 9M .u 9M t# =up ;u :uI :u .u% \u /u \u [u& ;.u! ~8 ]ta ]u +] PWV $R QQh [u" ]u Ku \u t# ;] 9} ?/ SSh S@P PW <$ x~ u!RRS PPS u+ +E Pj/ 9M t /u: t6 9M /u +U QRP DE u \u H~ 9U u> [tT t$ t! ;(t PP PP ;( [^_] WVS t: t6 4$ [^_] [^_] WVS Ht Sj #P Vj WVS (PW [{ R{ [^_] WVS u, =h up WPS Hy q<\uP vS t? ;E t@ &{ VWRS [^_] WVS u* t PPj\S ~E ;\tW RPj ~M u& Gy ;E v= ;E PP RPQ S~ aKu$@u! ~U tA@ 4y 8\u u` uc 9E rf 0x <\u Wj [| PPQV RRQ u, [^_] *t~ +t# [tj \t @u tK t< = Ph RP Bu @u Mp = u/U XZh@ = t/U XZh@ U1 = = t,U WV Pj ^_] = t,U WV Pj ^_] = t,U WV Pj ^_] = t,U WV Pj ^_] VS [^] [^] = t,U WV Pj ^_] U1 WV 0} us hm $| $| u( Eg =g 9U QRPV [^_] WVS tx/u* /u$ /u t% /u8 u,< w% &<} <{} <` <~u <=t <: t" <' <" <\t [] WVS "v \u v. RPh t\ t^ w F0 t] w #w =w t6 u. 0t7 0I t+ t& -I [^_] WVS ~E f t6 >v2 RPh u$ y' f F0 y*j WV WV Kj WV WV 0f K 0f WV ~E > _K ;u f t: u/ 0t: 0K t. t( -KC [^_] Qh RPS WV1 j@ u' PS yy |2) RS Ae [^_] VS 58F xZ QRh uC t: t1QQRP ZP O@ [^] WVS Qj RRP ti wE t PPQ t t# C;E [^_] WVS t| <- tX <. < v t t{ sk} D7 t tq ik t, D: t! 0< v t 31 t [^_] Pj Pj WVS ia @P $a 9} |7 tZ u? 9M }3 +u RV EE =0 ~V u. +E 8VS j 4$ Ou# +U u$ u$ @u u" t* Nu tn ti W? DP tx u{ &? DP tG 08 U/ +E )5 t@ Nt t |7 t; j7 QPSW RSWV =0 ~U u. +E g5 [^_] WVS xv V@j SP [^_] t QPh| QPh w+ w9 wD V1 xP w% f- (f [] WVS PPVS hp PPh VPPj.W t0@Rj'Ph Y_j@h Pj'Wh Uu$PPh +) 5PPh '8 @u WWh QQSV uu tj @u RRSV PPWS [^_] WV1 )E tW PWS t" ~M [^_] VS [- t+ PVS L/ Ht [^] WV t^ =0 ~L u+ PR C;] [^_] W1 VS t9 t- x) +E +] [^_] WVS General help using GNU software: run_one_command -c /usr/share/bashdb/bashdb-main.inc cannot start debugger; debugging mode disabled rbash BASH_ENV cannot set uid to %d: effective uid %d cannot set gid to %d: effective gid %d /bin/sh I have no name! ??host?? POSIXLY_CORRECT POSIX_PEDANTIC \s-\v\$ > ~/.bashrc %s: option requires an argument %s: invalid option %c%c: invalid option login_shell INSIDE_EMACS ,term: (term: emacs dumb eterm PS1 PS2 /etc/profile ~/.profile ~/.bash_profile ~/.bash_login FUNCNAME BASH_SOURCE BASH_LINENO main %s: cannot execute binary file debugger dump-po-strings dump-strings init-file noediting noprofile norc posix rcfile ,i L$ $i (i L$ i timed out waiting for input: auto-logout PROMPT_COMMAND /%s TMOUT reader_loop ; syntax error: unexpected end of file syntax error syntax error near unexpected token `%s' ;|& syntax error near `%s' readline stdin maximum here-document count exceeded TZ %a %b %d %H:%M:%S %I:%M:%S %I:%M %p %H:%M %s.%d HOME PS0 unexpected EOF while looking for matching `%c' then else elif do #%^,~:-=?+/ unexpected token `%s', expected `)' unexpected argument `%s' to conditional unary operator unexpected argument to conditional unary operator =~ -n unexpected token `%s', conditional binary operator expected unexpected argument `%s' to conditional binary operator unexpected argument to conditional binary operator unexpected token `%c' in conditional command unexpected token `%s' in conditional command unexpected token %d in conditional command unexpected EOF while looking for `]]' syntax error in conditional expression: unexpected token `%s' syntax error in conditional expression unexpected EOF while looking for matching `)' eval let Use "%s" to leave the shell. "$@" COPROC -- && || <& >& ;; ;;& <<- <<< &> &>> >| newline for select while until [[ coproc )> `> #O .? U? |? 7@ \@ >A cA 9B cB C EC lC 'D ND sD >E eE pR !F pR pR pR pR EF \F pR pR pR pR pR pR pR sF 'G 6H ,I [I mJ !K |K @L uL uL pR LM kM -N AN IN `N xN #O 8O NO pR gO pR TP pR pR (Q 9Q LQ R pR tR {R {R =>>>>??@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@AAABBCCDDDDDEEEEEEEEEEEFFFFFFFFGGGGHHHHHHIIIJJJKKLMMMMMNNNOPQRRRSSTTTTUUUUUUVVWXXYYYZZZZZZ[[\\\]]^^^_____`````aaabbb 45 69; <@JDA>F?EGHI 4jf & / )#, 23 4:7= hgp ("1 +%. '!0 *$- ne8 cbi UV BC d` _z|~u Xal {} MN STYZ vw sxy QR rOP[\ ;< 27 95: !"#$%&'()*+,-./04OLDPWD `%s': not a valid identifier /dev/tty PROMPT_DIRTRIM :~ /bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin:/etc:/usr/etc getcwd: cannot access parent directories syntax error: arithmetic expression required syntax error: `;' unexpected syntax error: `((%s))' make_here_document: bad instruction type %d here-document at line %d delimited by end-of-file (wanted `%s') make_redirection: redirection instruction `%d' out of range environment clean_simple_command %u cprintf: `%c': invalid format character {%s} <<%s%s >| %s <> %s <<< %s {%s}<&%d %d<&%d {%s}>&%d %d>&%d {%s}<&%s %d<&%s {%s}>&%s %d>&%s {%s}<&%d- %d<&%d- {%s}>&%d- %d>&%d- {%s}<&%s- %d<&%s- {%s}>&%s- %d>&%s- {%s}>&- %d>&- &> %s &>> %s ! ) && || xtrace_set: %d: invalid file descriptor xtrace_set: NULL file pointer xtrace fd (%d) != fileno xtrace fp (%d) PS4 %s=(%s) ''%s for %s in select %s in case %s in case %s in [[ '' ]] (( )) time -p for (( | if then else print_command: bad connector `%d' function %s () { } { coproc %s print_command do function () k} {~ {~ G~ dispose_command execute_cond_node /dev/null cannot redirect standard input from /dev/null: %s eval_builtin builtin_env eval: maximum eval nesting level exceeded (%d) %s: maximum source nesting level exceeded (%d) return_temp_env cannot duplicate fd %d to fd %d %s_PID %s: %s: bad interpreter %s: cannot execute binary file: %s bg fg Aag simple-command auto_resume exact substring saved_fifos saved-redirects %s: restricted: cannot specify `/' in command names command_not_found_handle %s: command not found #? internal_fifos loop_redirections PS3 COLUMNS execute_connection `%s': is a special builtin %s: readonly function execute_command %*d%s%s execute_coproc: coproc [%d:%s] still exists user %2lU sys %2lS real %2R user %2U sys %2S real %3lR user %3lU sys %3lS TIMEFORMAT: `%c': invalid format character %s: maximum function nesting level exceeded (%d) function_calling OPTIND execute-shell-function pipe error pipe-file-descriptors lastpipe-exec BASH_FUNC_ %s= %s: circular name reference IFS %s: %s: cannot open as FILE %s: %s: invalid value for trace file descriptor %s: %s: compatibility value out of range %s: removing nameref attribute HISTFILE ignorespace ignoredups ignoreboth erasedups OPTERR %s: nameref variable self references not allowed all_local_variables: no function context at current scope _= %s: variable may not be assigned value make_local_variable: no function context at current scope SHLVL shell level (%d) too high, resetting to 1 shell_init shell-init PPID LINES %s: assigning integer to name reference pop_var_context: head of shell_variables not a function context pop_var_context: no global_variables context pop_scope: head of shell_variables not a temporary environment scope BASH_ARGV BASH_ARGC %s: cannot unset: readonly %s 600 60 ~/.sh_history ~/.bash_history %% () { error importing function definition for `%s' SHELLOPTS /usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/sbin:. + i686 HOSTTYPE OSTYPE MACHTYPE HOSTNAME MAILCHECK BASH BASH_VERSION BASH_VERSINFO BASH_EXECUTION_STRING IGNOREEOF ignoreeof HISTCONTROL HISTIGNORE HISTTIMEFORMAT EUID BASH_XTRACEFD BASH_COMPAT FUNCNEST SECONDS BASH_COMMAND BASH_SUBSHELL RANDOM BASHPID HISTCMD COMP_WORDBREAKS DIRSTACK GROUPS BASH_CMDS BASH_ALIASES GLOBIGNORE PIPESTATUS CHILD_MAX EXECIGNORE HISTFILESIZE HISTSIZE HOSTFILE LANG LC_ALL LC_COLLATE LC_CTYPE LC_MESSAGES LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME MAIL MAILPATH TERMCAP TERMINFO TEXTDOMAIN TEXTDOMAINDIR histchars gR gS )T 'U oT tR line %s: (null) last command: %s Aborting... warning: INFORM: %s: %s:%s%d: %s: %s: %d %s: unbound variable %s: readonly variable unknown command error bad command type bad connector bad jump bash-maintainers@gnu.org %s%s%s: %s (error token is "%s") %s[%s] attempted assignment to non-variable division by 0 bug: bad expassign token expression recursion level exceeded syntax error in expression recursion stack underflow invalid number invalid arithmetic base value too great for base */%+-&^| syntax error: operand expected syntax error: invalid arithmetic operator identifier expected after pre-increment or pre-decrement missing `)' exponent less than 0 `:' expected for conditional expression X( L( T( Signal %d [%d]%c | %5ld Done Stopped Stopped(%s) Running Done(%d) Exit %d Unknown status %*s (core dumped) & (wd: %s) %s: line %d: (core dumped) (wd now: %s) notify_of_job_status start_pipeline: pgrp pipe deleting stopped job %d with process group %ld [%d] %ld describe_pid: %ld: no such pid [%ld: %d (%d)] tcsetattr SIGCHLD trap waitchld: turning on WNOHANG to avoid indefinite block job-working-directory fork: retry fork child setpgid (%ld to %ld) wait_for: No record of process %ld wait: pid %ld is not a child of this shell wait_for_job: job %d is stopped %s: job has terminated %s: job %d already in background [%d]%s (wd: %s) initialize_job_control: getpgrp failed initialize_job_control: setpgid cannot set terminal process group (%d) no job control in this shell declare -%s %s=%s $( bad substitution: no closing `%s' in %s $[ <( >( ?*+!@ cannot make pipe for command substitution cannot make child for command substitution command_substitute: cannot duplicate pipe as fd 1 command substitution: ignored null byte in input %s: cannot assign list to array member #%^,~:-=?+/@} #%:-=?+/@} %:=+/ %s: bad substitution %s: substring expression < 0 set -- $%s: cannot assign in this way %s: parameter null or not set %s: invalid variable name for name reference cannot make pipe for process substitution /dev/fd/ cannot make child for process substitution cannot duplicate named pipe %s as fd %d bad substitution: no closing "`" in %s %s: invalid indirect expansion %s: invalid variable name no match: %s /var/mail You have mail in $_ You have new mail in $_ The mail in %s has been read invalid signal number SIG exit trap debug trap error trap return trap interrupt trap run_pending_traps: bad value in trap_list[%d]: %p run_pending_traps: signal handler is SIG_DFL, resending %d (%s) to myself trap_handler: bad signal %d cannot reset nodelay mode for fd %d cannot allocate new file descriptor for bash input from fd %d save_bash_input: buffer already exists for new fd %d unwind_frame_discard: %s: frame not found unwind_frame_run: %s: frame not found argument expected %s: integer expression expected %s: binary operator expected %s: unary operator expected `)' expected `)' expected, found %s missing `]' too many arguments release 4.4 %s.%d(%d)-%s GNU bash, version %s (%s) Copyright (C) 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later This is free software; you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. @(#)Bash version 4.4.18(1) release GNU ;|&( ;|&() %s: cannot convert indexed to associative array array assign '()' %s: invalid associative array key %s: cannot assign to non-numeric index %s: %s: must use subscript when assigning associative array bad array subscript %s[%s: %s [%s]: %s brace expansion: failed to allocate memory for %d elements %0*d brace expansion: failed to allocate memory for `%s' brace expansion: cannot allocate memory for %s ;&()|<> 500 %s: cannot create: %s %s%s%s C-xC-e %s %d input-meta fc -e "${VISUAL:-${EDITOR:-emacs}}" symlink-hook ;|&{(` $include /etc/hosts hostname_completion_file \"'@<>=;|&()#$`?*[!:{~ %s: first non-whitespace character is not `"' no closing `%c' in %s fc -e vi fc -e "${VISUAL:-${EDITOR:-vi}}" bash_execute_unix_command: cannot find keymap for command READLINE_LINE READLINE_POINT bash_execute_unix_command "' comment-begin "'@><=;|&(: "'><=;|&(: $@ Bash shell-expand-line history-expand-line magic-space shell-forward-word shell-backward-word shell-kill-word shell-backward-kill-word history-and-alias-expand-line insert-last-argument operate-and-get-next display-shell-version edit-and-execute-command complete-into-braces complete-filename possible-filename-completions complete-username possible-username-completions complete-hostname possible-hostname-completions complete-variable possible-variable-completions complete-command possible-command-completions glob-complete-word glob-expand-word glob-list-expansions dynamic-complete-history dabbrev-expand '" $<> ()<>;&| _EmptycmD_ completion-ignore-case "'\ %s: missing colon separator FIGNORE setlocale: LC_ALL: cannot change locale (%s) setlocale: LC_ALL: cannot change locale (%s): %s setlocale: %s: cannot change locale (%s) setlocale: %s: cannot change locale (%s): %s POSIX #: %s:%d msgid %s%s msgstr "" "%s" redirection error: cannot duplicate fd file descriptor out of range %s: ambiguous redirect %s: cannot overwrite existing file %s: restricted: cannot redirect output cannot create temp file for here-document: %s %s: cannot assign fd to variable sh-thd COMP_LINE COMP_POINT COMP_TYPE COMP_KEY COMP_WORDS COMP_CWORD completion: function `%s' not found gen-shell-function-matches COMPREPLY _DefaultCmD_ programmable_completion: %s: possible retry loop progcomp_insert: %s: NULL COMPSPEC xmalloc %s: cannot allocate %lu bytes xrealloc EXIT SIGPWR SIGSTKFLT SIGHUP SIGINT SIGQUIT SIGILL SIGTRAP SIGABRT SIGFPE SIGKILL SIGBUS SIGSEGV SIGSYS SIGPIPE SIGALRM SIGTERM SIGURG SIGSTOP SIGTSTP SIGCONT SIGCHLD SIGTTIN SIGTTOU SIGIO SIGXCPU SIGXFSZ SIGVTALRM SIGPROF SIGWINCH SIGUSR1 SIGUSR2 SIGJUNK(%d) DEBUG RETURN Read lines from a file into an array variable. A synonym for `mapfile'. Read lines from the standard input into an indexed array variable. Read lines from the standard input into the indexed array variable ARRAY, or from file descriptor FD if the -u option is supplied. The variable MAPFILE is the default ARRAY. Options: -d delim Use DELIM to terminate lines, instead of newline -n count Copy at most COUNT lines. If COUNT is 0, all lines are copied -O origin Begin assigning to ARRAY at index ORIGIN. The default index is 0 -s count Discard the first COUNT lines read -t Remove a trailing DELIM from each line read (default newline) -u fd Read lines from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input -C callback Evaluate CALLBACK each time QUANTUM lines are read -c quantum Specify the number of lines read between each call to CALLBACK Arguments: ARRAY Array variable name to use for file data If -C is supplied without -c, the default quantum is 5000. When CALLBACK is evaluated, it is supplied the index of the next array element to be assigned and the line to be assigned to that element as additional arguments. If not supplied with an explicit origin, mapfile will clear ARRAY before assigning to it. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or ARRAY is readonly or not an indexed array. Modify or display completion options. Modify the completion options for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, the completion currently being executed. If no OPTIONs are given, print the completion options for each NAME or the current completion specification. Options: -o option Set completion option OPTION for each NAME -D Change options for the "default" command completion -E Change options for the "empty" command completion Using `+o' instead of `-o' turns off the specified option. Arguments: Each NAME refers to a command for which a completion specification must have previously been defined using the `complete' builtin. If no NAMEs are supplied, compopt must be called by a function currently generating completions, and the options for that currently-executing completion generator are modified. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or NAME does not have a completion specification defined. Display possible completions depending on the options. Intended to be used from within a shell function generating possible completions. If the optional WORD argument is supplied, matches against WORD are generated. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. Specify how arguments are to be completed by Readline. For each NAME, specify how arguments are to be completed. If no options are supplied, existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. Options: -p print existing completion specifications in a reusable format -r remove a completion specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all completion specifications -D apply the completions and actions as the default for commands without any specific completion defined -E apply the completions and actions to "empty" commands -- completion attempted on a blank line When completion is attempted, the actions are applied in the order the uppercase-letter options are listed above. The -D option takes precedence over -E. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. Formats and prints ARGUMENTS under control of the FORMAT. Options: -v var assign the output to shell variable VAR rather than display it on the standard output FORMAT is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are simply copied to standard output; character escape sequences, which are converted and copied to the standard output; and format specifications, each of which causes printing of the next successive argument. In addition to the standard format specifications described in printf(1), printf interprets: %b expand backslash escape sequences in the corresponding argument %q quote the argument in a way that can be reused as shell input %(fmt)T output the date-time string resulting from using FMT as a format string for strftime(3) The format is re-used as necessary to consume all of the arguments. If there are fewer arguments than the format requires, extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or a write or assignment error occurs. Set and unset shell options. Change the setting of each shell option OPTNAME. Without any option arguments, list all shell options with an indication of whether or not each is set. Options: -o restrict OPTNAMEs to those defined for use with `set -o' -p print each shell option with an indication of its status -q suppress output -s enable (set) each OPTNAME -u disable (unset) each OPTNAME Exit Status: Returns success if OPTNAME is enabled; fails if an invalid option is given or OPTNAME is disabled. Display directory stack. Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories find their way onto the list with the `pushd' command; you can get back up through the list with the `popd' command. Options: -c clear the directory stack by deleting all of the elements -l do not print tilde-prefixed versions of directories relative to your home directory -p print the directory stack with one entry per line -v print the directory stack with one entry per line prefixed with its position in the stack Arguments: +N Displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. -N Displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. Remove directories from stack. Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory. Options: -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. Arguments: +N Removes the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd +0' removes the first directory, `popd +1' the second. -N Removes the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd -0' removes the last directory, `popd -1' the next to last. The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid argument is supplied or the directory change fails. Add directories to stack. Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories. Options: -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. Arguments: +N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero) is at the top. -N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero) is at the top. dir Adds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the new current working directory. The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid argument is supplied or the directory change fails. Common shell variable names and usage. BASH_VERSION Version information for this Bash. CDPATH A colon-separated list of directories to search for directories given as arguments to `cd'. GLOBIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns describing filenames to be ignored by pathname expansion. HISTFILE The name of the file where your command history is stored. HISTFILESIZE The maximum number of lines this file can contain. HISTSIZE The maximum number of history lines that a running shell can access. HOME The complete pathname to your login directory. HOSTNAME The name of the current host. HOSTTYPE The type of CPU this version of Bash is running under. IGNOREEOF Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an EOF character as the sole input. If set, then the value of it is the number of EOF characters that can be seen in a row on an empty line before the shell will exit (default 10). When unset, EOF signifies the end of input. MACHTYPE A string describing the current system Bash is running on. MAILCHECK How often, in seconds, Bash checks for new mail. MAILPATH A colon-separated list of filenames which Bash checks for new mail. OSTYPE The version of Unix this version of Bash is running on. PATH A colon-separated list of directories to search when looking for commands. PROMPT_COMMAND A command to be executed before the printing of each primary prompt. PS1 The primary prompt string. PS2 The secondary prompt string. PWD The full pathname of the current directory. SHELLOPTS A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. TERM The name of the current terminal type. TIMEFORMAT The output format for timing statistics displayed by the `time' reserved word. auto_resume Non-null means a command word appearing on a line by itself is first looked for in the list of currently stopped jobs. If found there, that job is foregrounded. A value of `exact' means that the command word must exactly match a command in the list of stopped jobs. A value of `substring' means that the command word must match a substring of the job. Any other value means that the command must be a prefix of a stopped job. histchars Characters controlling history expansion and quick substitution. The first character is the history substitution character, usually `!'. The second is the `quick substitution' character, usually `^'. The third is the `history comment' character, usually `#'. HISTIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which commands should be saved on the history list. Execute conditional command. Returns a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the conditional expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of the same primaries used by the `test' builtin, and may be combined using the following operators: ( EXPRESSION ) Returns the value of EXPRESSION ! EXPRESSION True if EXPRESSION is false; else false EXPR1 && EXPR2 True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true; else false EXPR1 || EXPR2 True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true; else false When the `==' and `!=' operators are used, the string to the right of the operator is used as a pattern and pattern matching is performed. When the `=~' operator is used, the string to the right of the operator is matched as a regular expression. The && and || operators do not evaluate EXPR2 if EXPR1 is sufficient to determine the expression's value. Exit Status: 0 or 1 depending on value of EXPRESSION. Evaluate arithmetic expression. The EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules for arithmetic evaluation. Equivalent to "let EXPRESSION". Exit Status: Returns 1 if EXPRESSION evaluates to 0; returns 0 otherwise. Resume job in foreground. Equivalent to the JOB_SPEC argument to the `fg' command. Resume a stopped or background job. JOB_SPEC can specify either a job name or a job number. Following JOB_SPEC with a `&' places the job in the background, as if the job specification had been supplied as an argument to `bg'. Exit Status: Returns the status of the resumed job. Group commands as a unit. Run a set of commands in a group. This is one way to redirect an entire set of commands. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed. Define shell function. Create a shell function named NAME. When invoked as a simple command, NAME runs COMMANDs in the calling shell's context. When NAME is invoked, the arguments are passed to the function as $1...$n, and the function's name is in $FUNCNAME. Exit Status: Returns success unless NAME is readonly. Create a coprocess named NAME. Execute COMMAND asynchronously, with the standard output and standard input of the command connected via a pipe to file descriptors assigned to indices 0 and 1 of an array variable NAME in the executing shell. The default NAME is "COPROC". Exit Status: The coproc command returns an exit status of 0. Execute commands as long as a test does not succeed. Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the `until' COMMANDS has an exit status which is not zero. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed. Execute commands as long as a test succeeds. Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the `while' COMMANDS has an exit status of zero. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed. Execute commands based on conditional. The `if COMMANDS' list is executed. If its exit status is zero, then the `then COMMANDS' list is executed. Otherwise, each `elif COMMANDS' list is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding `then COMMANDS' list is executed and the if command completes. Otherwise, the `else COMMANDS' list is executed, if present. The exit status of the entire construct is the exit status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed. Execute commands based on pattern matching. Selectively execute COMMANDS based upon WORD matching PATTERN. The `|' is used to separate multiple patterns. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed. Report time consumed by pipeline's execution. Execute PIPELINE and print a summary of the real time, user CPU time, and system CPU time spent executing PIPELINE when it terminates. Options: -p print the timing summary in the portable Posix format The value of the TIMEFORMAT variable is used as the output format. Exit Status: The return status is the return status of PIPELINE. Select words from a list and execute commands. The WORDS are expanded, generating a list of words. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard error, each preceded by a number. If `in WORDS' is not present, `in "$@"' is assumed. The PS3 prompt is then displayed and a line read from the standard input. If the line consists of the number corresponding to one of the displayed words, then NAME is set to that word. If the line is empty, WORDS and the prompt are redisplayed. If EOF is read, the command completes. Any other value read causes NAME to be set to null. The line read is saved in the variable REPLY. COMMANDS are executed after each selection until a break command is executed. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed. Arithmetic for loop. Equivalent to (( EXP1 )) while (( EXP2 )); do COMMANDS (( EXP3 )) done EXP1, EXP2, and EXP3 are arithmetic expressions. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed. Execute commands for each member in a list. The `for' loop executes a sequence of commands for each member in a list of items. If `in WORDS ...;' is not present, then `in "$@"' is assumed. For each element in WORDS, NAME is set to that element, and the COMMANDS are executed. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed. Wait for job completion and return exit status. Waits for each process identified by an ID, which may be a process ID or a job specification, and reports its termination status. If ID is not given, waits for all currently active child processes, and the return status is zero. If ID is a a job specification, waits for all processes in that job's pipeline. If the -n option is supplied, waits for the next job to terminate and returns its exit status. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last ID; fails if ID is invalid or an invalid option is given. Display or set file mode mask. Sets the user file-creation mask to MODE. If MODE is omitted, prints the current value of the mask. If MODE begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is a symbolic mode string like that accepted by chmod(1). Options: -p if MODE is omitted, output in a form that may be reused as input -S makes the output symbolic; otherwise an octal number is output Exit Status: Returns success unless MODE is invalid or an invalid option is given. Modify shell resource limits. Provides control over the resources available to the shell and processes it creates, on systems that allow such control. Options: -S use the `soft' resource limit -H use the `hard' resource limit -a all current limits are reported -b the socket buffer size -c the maximum size of core files created -d the maximum size of a process's data segment -e the maximum scheduling priority (`nice') -f the maximum size of files written by the shell and its children -i the maximum number of pending signals -k the maximum number of kqueues allocated for this process -l the maximum size a process may lock into memory -m the maximum resident set size -n the maximum number of open file descriptors -p the pipe buffer size -q the maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues -r the maximum real-time scheduling priority -s the maximum stack size -t the maximum amount of cpu time in seconds -u the maximum number of user processes -v the size of virtual memory -x the maximum number of file locks -P the maximum number of pseudoterminals -T the maximum number of threads Not all options are available on all platforms. If LIMIT is given, it is the new value of the specified resource; the special LIMIT values `soft', `hard', and `unlimited' stand for the current soft limit, the current hard limit, and no limit, respectively. Otherwise, the current value of the specified resource is printed. If no option is given, then -f is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -t, which is in seconds, -p, which is in increments of 512 bytes, and -u, which is an unscaled number of processes. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. Display information about command type. For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a command name. Options: -a display all locations containing an executable named NAME; includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if the `-p' option is not also used -f suppress shell function lookup -P force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias, builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file that would be executed -p returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed, or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file' -t output a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword', `function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias, shell reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or not found, respectively Arguments: NAME Command name to be interpreted. Exit Status: Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not found. Trap signals and other events. Defines and activates handlers to be run when the shell receives signals or other conditions. ARG is a command to be read and executed when the shell receives the signal(s) SIGNAL_SPEC. If ARG is absent (and a single SIGNAL_SPEC is supplied) or `-', each specified signal is reset to its original value. If ARG is the null string each SIGNAL_SPEC is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes. If a SIGNAL_SPEC is EXIT (0) ARG is executed on exit from the shell. If a SIGNAL_SPEC is DEBUG, ARG is executed before every simple command. If a SIGNAL_SPEC is RETURN, ARG is executed each time a shell function or a script run by the . or source builtins finishes executing. A SIGNAL_SPEC of ERR means to execute ARG each time a command's failure would cause the shell to exit when the -e option is enabled. If no arguments are supplied, trap prints the list of commands associated with each signal. Options: -l print a list of signal names and their corresponding numbers -p display the trap commands associated with each SIGNAL_SPEC Each SIGNAL_SPEC is either a signal name in or a signal number. Signal names are case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. A signal may be sent to the shell with "kill -signal $$". Exit Status: Returns success unless a SIGSPEC is invalid or an invalid option is given. Display process times. Prints the accumulated user and system times for the shell and all of its child processes. Exit Status: Always succeeds. Evaluate conditional expression. This is a synonym for the "test" builtin, but the last argument must be a literal `]', to match the opening `['. Evaluate conditional expression. Exits with a status of 0 (true) or 1 (false) depending on the evaluation of EXPR. Expressions may be unary or binary. Unary expressions are often used to examine the status of a file. There are string operators and numeric comparison operators as well. The behavior of test depends on the number of arguments. Read the bash manual page for the complete specification. File operators: -a FILE True if file exists. -b FILE True if file is block special. -c FILE True if file is character special. -d FILE True if file is a directory. -e FILE True if file exists. -f FILE True if file exists and is a regular file. -g FILE True if file is set-group-id. -h FILE True if file is a symbolic link. -L FILE True if file is a symbolic link. -k FILE True if file has its `sticky' bit set. -p FILE True if file is a named pipe. -r FILE True if file is readable by you. -s FILE True if file exists and is not empty. -S FILE True if file is a socket. -t FD True if FD is opened on a terminal. -u FILE True if the file is set-user-id. -w FILE True if the file is writable by you. -x FILE True if the file is executable by you. -O FILE True if the file is effectively owned by you. -G FILE True if the file is effectively owned by your group. -N FILE True if the file has been modified since it was last read. FILE1 -nt FILE2 True if file1 is newer than file2 (according to modification date). FILE1 -ot FILE2 True if file1 is older than file2. FILE1 -ef FILE2 True if file1 is a hard link to file2. String operators: -z STRING True if string is empty. -n STRING STRING True if string is not empty. STRING1 = STRING2 True if the strings are equal. STRING1 != STRING2 True if the strings are not equal. STRING1 < STRING2 True if STRING1 sorts before STRING2 lexicographically. STRING1 > STRING2 True if STRING1 sorts after STRING2 lexicographically. Other operators: -o OPTION True if the shell option OPTION is enabled. -v VAR True if the shell variable VAR is set. -R VAR True if the shell variable VAR is set and is a name reference. ! EXPR True if expr is false. EXPR1 -a EXPR2 True if both expr1 AND expr2 are true. EXPR1 -o EXPR2 True if either expr1 OR expr2 is true. arg1 OP arg2 Arithmetic tests. OP is one of -eq, -ne, -lt, -le, -gt, or -ge. Arithmetic binary operators return true if ARG1 is equal, not-equal, less-than, less-than-or-equal, greater-than, or greater-than-or-equal than ARG2. Exit Status: Returns success if EXPR evaluates to true; fails if EXPR evaluates to false or an invalid argument is given. Suspend shell execution. Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SIGCONT signal. Unless forced, login shells cannot be suspended. Options: -f force the suspend, even if the shell is a login shell Exit Status: Returns success unless job control is not enabled or an error occurs. Execute commands from a file in the current shell. Read and execute commands from FILENAME in the current shell. The entries in $PATH are used to find the directory containing FILENAME. If any ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional parameters when FILENAME is executed. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed in FILENAME; fails if FILENAME cannot be read. Shift positional parameters. Rename the positional parameters $N+1,$N+2 ... to $1,$2 ... If N is not given, it is assumed to be 1. Exit Status: Returns success unless N is negative or greater than $#. Mark shell variables as unchangeable. Mark each NAME as read-only; the values of these NAMEs may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE before marking as read-only. Options: -a refer to indexed array variables -A refer to associative array variables -f refer to shell functions -p display a list of all readonly variables or functions, depending on whether or not the -f option is given An argument of `--' disables further option processing. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or NAME is invalid. Set export attribute for shell variables. Marks each NAME for automatic export to the environment of subsequently executed commands. If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE before exporting. Options: -f refer to shell functions -n remove the export property from each NAME -p display a list of all exported variables and functions An argument of `--' disables further option processing. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or NAME is invalid. Unset values and attributes of shell variables and functions. For each NAME, remove the corresponding variable or function. Options: -f treat each NAME as a shell function -v treat each NAME as a shell variable -n treat each NAME as a name reference and unset the variable itself rather than the variable it references Without options, unset first tries to unset a variable, and if that fails, tries to unset a function. Some variables cannot be unset; also see `readonly'. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or a NAME is read-only. Set or unset values of shell options and positional parameters. Change the value of shell attributes and positional parameters, or display the names and values of shell variables. Options: -a Mark variables which are modified or created for export. -b Notify of job termination immediately. -e Exit immediately if a command exits with a non-zero status. -f Disable file name generation (globbing). -h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up. -k All assignment arguments are placed in the environment for a command, not just those that precede the command name. -m Job control is enabled. -n Read commands but do not execute them. -o option-name Set the variable corresponding to option-name: allexport same as -a braceexpand same as -B emacs use an emacs-style line editing interface errexit same as -e errtrace same as -E functrace same as -T hashall same as -h histexpand same as -H history enable command history ignoreeof the shell will not exit upon reading EOF interactive-comments allow comments to appear in interactive commands keyword same as -k monitor same as -m noclobber same as -C noexec same as -n noglob same as -f nolog currently accepted but ignored notify same as -b nounset same as -u onecmd same as -t physical same as -P pipefail the return value of a pipeline is the status of the last command to exit with a non-zero status, or zero if no command exited with a non-zero status posix change the behavior of bash where the default operation differs from the Posix standard to match the standard privileged same as -p verbose same as -v vi use a vi-style line editing interface xtrace same as -x -p Turned on whenever the real and effective user ids do not match. Disables processing of the $ENV file and importing of shell functions. Turning this option off causes the effective uid and gid to be set to the real uid and gid. -t Exit after reading and executing one command. -u Treat unset variables as an error when substituting. -v Print shell input lines as they are read. -x Print commands and their arguments as they are executed. -B the shell will perform brace expansion -C If set, disallow existing regular files to be overwritten by redirection of output. -E If set, the ERR trap is inherited by shell functions. -H Enable ! style history substitution. This flag is on by default when the shell is interactive. -P If set, do not resolve symbolic links when executing commands such as cd which change the current directory. -T If set, the DEBUG and RETURN traps are inherited by shell functions. -- Assign any remaining arguments to the positional parameters. If there are no remaining arguments, the positional parameters are unset. - Assign any remaining arguments to the positional parameters. The -x and -v options are turned off. Using + rather than - causes these flags to be turned off. The flags can also be used upon invocation of the shell. The current set of flags may be found in $-. The remaining n ARGs are positional parameters and are assigned, in order, to $1, $2, .. $n. If no ARGs are given, all shell variables are printed. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given. Return from a shell function. Causes a function or sourced script to exit with the return value specified by N. If N is omitted, the return status is that of the last command executed within the function or script. Exit Status: Returns N, or failure if the shell is not executing a function or script. Read a line from the standard input and split it into fields. Reads a single line from the standard input, or from file descriptor FD if the -u option is supplied. The line is split into fields as with word splitting, and the first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second word to the second NAME, and so on, with any leftover words assigned to the last NAME. Only the characters found in $IFS are recognized as word delimiters. If no NAMEs are supplied, the line read is stored in the REPLY variable. Options: -a array assign the words read to sequential indices of the array variable ARRAY, starting at zero -d delim continue until the first character of DELIM is read, rather than newline -e use Readline to obtain the line in an interactive shell -i text use TEXT as the initial text for Readline -n nchars return after reading NCHARS characters rather than waiting for a newline, but honor a delimiter if fewer than NCHARS characters are read before the delimiter -N nchars return only after reading exactly NCHARS characters, unless EOF is encountered or read times out, ignoring any delimiter -p prompt output the string PROMPT without a trailing newline before attempting to read -r do not allow backslashes to escape any characters -s do not echo input coming from a terminal -t timeout time out and return failure if a complete line of input is not read within TIMEOUT seconds. The value of the TMOUT variable is the default timeout. TIMEOUT may be a fractional number. If TIMEOUT is 0, read returns immediately, without trying to read any data, returning success only if input is available on the specified file descriptor. The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded -u fd read from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input Exit Status: The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read times out (in which case it's greater than 128), a variable assignment error occurs, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to -u. Evaluate arithmetic expressions. Evaluate each ARG as an arithmetic expression. Evaluation is done in fixed-width integers with no check for overflow, though division by 0 is trapped and flagged as an error. The following list of operators is grouped into levels of equal-precedence operators. The levels are listed in order of decreasing precedence. id++, id-- variable post-increment, post-decrement ++id, --id variable pre-increment, pre-decrement -, + unary minus, plus !, ~ logical and bitwise negation ** exponentiation *, /, % multiplication, division, remainder +, - addition, subtraction <<, >> left and right bitwise shifts <=, >=, <, > comparison ==, != equality, inequality & bitwise AND ^ bitwise XOR | bitwise OR && logical AND || logical OR expr ? expr : expr conditional operator =, *=, /=, %=, +=, -=, <<=, >>=, &=, ^=, |= assignment Shell variables are allowed as operands. The name of the variable is replaced by its value (coerced to a fixed-width integer) within an expression. The variable need not have its integer attribute turned on to be used in an expression. Operators are evaluated in order of precedence. Sub-expressions in parentheses are evaluated first and may override the precedence rules above. Exit Status: If the last ARG evaluates to 0, let returns 1; let returns 0 otherwise. Send a signal to a job. Send the processes identified by PID or JOBSPEC the signal named by SIGSPEC or SIGNUM. If neither SIGSPEC nor SIGNUM is present, then SIGTERM is assumed. Options: -s sig SIG is a signal name -n sig SIG is a signal number -l list the signal names; if arguments follow `-l' they are assumed to be signal numbers for which names should be listed -L synonym for -l Kill is a shell builtin for two reasons: it allows job IDs to be used instead of process IDs, and allows processes to be killed if the limit on processes that you can create is reached. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs. Remove jobs from current shell. Removes each JOBSPEC argument from the table of active jobs. Without any JOBSPECs, the shell uses its notion of the current job. Options: -a remove all jobs if JOBSPEC is not supplied -h mark each JOBSPEC so that SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the shell receives a SIGHUP -r remove only running jobs Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option or JOBSPEC is given. Display status of jobs. Lists the active jobs. JOBSPEC restricts output to that job. Without options, the status of all active jobs is displayed. Options: -l lists process IDs in addition to the normal information -n lists only processes that have changed status since the last notification -p lists process IDs only -r restrict output to running jobs -s restrict output to stopped jobs If -x is supplied, COMMAND is run after all job specifications that appear in ARGS have been replaced with the process ID of that job's process group leader. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs. If -x is used, returns the exit status of COMMAND. Display or manipulate the history list. Display the history list with line numbers, prefixing each modified entry with a `*'. An argument of N lists only the last N entries. Options: -c clear the history list by deleting all of the entries -d offset delete the history entry at position OFFSET. -a append history lines from this session to the history file -n read all history lines not already read from the history file and append them to the history list -r read the history file and append the contents to the history list -w write the current history to the history file -p perform history expansion on each ARG and display the result without storing it in the history list -s append the ARGs to the history list as a single entry If FILENAME is given, it is used as the history file. Otherwise, if HISTFILE has a value, that is used, else ~/.bash_history. If the HISTTIMEFORMAT variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string for strftime(3) to print the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry. No time stamps are printed otherwise. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs. Display information about builtin commands. Displays brief summaries of builtin commands. If PATTERN is specified, gives detailed help on all commands matching PATTERN, otherwise the list of help topics is printed. Options: -d output short description for each topic -m display usage in pseudo-manpage format -s output only a short usage synopsis for each topic matching PATTERN Arguments: PATTERN Pattern specifiying a help topic Exit Status: Returns success unless PATTERN is not found or an invalid option is given. Remember or display program locations. Determine and remember the full pathname of each command NAME. If no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is displayed. Options: -d forget the remembered location of each NAME -l display in a format that may be reused as input -p pathname use PATHNAME as the full pathname of NAME -r forget all remembered locations -t print the remembered location of each NAME, preceding each location with the corresponding NAME if multiple NAMEs are given Arguments: NAME Each NAME is searched for in $PATH and added to the list of remembered commands. Exit Status: Returns success unless NAME is not found or an invalid option is given. Move jobs to the background. Place the jobs identified by each JOB_SPEC in the background, as if they had been started with `&'. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion of the current job is used. Exit Status: Returns success unless job control is not enabled or an error occurs. Move job to the foreground. Place the job identified by JOB_SPEC in the foreground, making it the current job. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion of the current job is used. Exit Status: Status of command placed in foreground, or failure if an error occurs. Display or execute commands from the history list. fc is used to list or edit and re-execute commands from the history list. FIRST and LAST can be numbers specifying the range, or FIRST can be a string, which means the most recent command beginning with that string. Options: -e ENAME select which editor to use. Default is FCEDIT, then EDITOR, then vi -l list lines instead of editing -n omit line numbers when listing -r reverse the order of the lines (newest listed first) With the `fc -s [pat=rep ...] [command]' format, COMMAND is re-executed after the substitution OLD=NEW is performed. A useful alias to use with this is r='fc -s', so that typing `r cc' runs the last command beginning with `cc' and typing `r' re-executes the last command. Exit Status: Returns success or status of executed command; non-zero if an error occurs. Exit a login shell. Exits a login shell with exit status N. Returns an error if not executed in a login shell. Exit the shell. Exits the shell with a status of N. If N is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed. Replace the shell with the given command. Execute COMMAND, replacing this shell with the specified program. ARGUMENTS become the arguments to COMMAND. If COMMAND is not specified, any redirections take effect in the current shell. Options: -a name pass NAME as the zeroth argument to COMMAND -c execute COMMAND with an empty environment -l place a dash in the zeroth argument to COMMAND If the command cannot be executed, a non-interactive shell exits, unless the shell option `execfail' is set. Exit Status: Returns success unless COMMAND is not found or a redirection error occurs. Parse option arguments. Getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters as options. OPTSTRING contains the option letters to be recognized; if a letter is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by white space. Each time it is invoked, getopts will place the next option in the shell variable $name, initializing name if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the shell variable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument, getopts places that argument into the shell variable OPTARG. getopts reports errors in one of two ways. If the first character of OPTSTRING is a colon, getopts uses silent error reporting. In this mode, no error messages are printed. If an invalid option is seen, getopts places the option character found into OPTARG. If a required argument is not found, getopts places a ':' into NAME and sets OPTARG to the option character found. If getopts is not in silent mode, and an invalid option is seen, getopts places '?' into NAME and unsets OPTARG. If a required argument is not found, a '?' is placed in NAME, OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. If the shell variable OPTERR has the value 0, getopts disables the printing of error messages, even if the first character of OPTSTRING is not a colon. OPTERR has the value 1 by default. Getopts normally parses the positional parameters ($0 - $9), but if more arguments are given, they are parsed instead. Exit Status: Returns success if an option is found; fails if the end of options is encountered or an error occurs. Execute arguments as a shell command. Combine ARGs into a single string, use the result as input to the shell, and execute the resulting commands. Exit Status: Returns exit status of command or success if command is null. Enable and disable shell builtins. Enables and disables builtin shell commands. Disabling allows you to execute a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin without using a full pathname. Options: -a print a list of builtins showing whether or not each is enabled -n disable each NAME or display a list of disabled builtins -p print the list of builtins in a reusable format -s print only the names of Posix `special' builtins Options controlling dynamic loading: -f Load builtin NAME from shared object FILENAME -d Remove a builtin loaded with -f Without options, each NAME is enabled. To use the `test' found in $PATH instead of the shell builtin version, type `enable -n test'. Exit Status: Returns success unless NAME is not a shell builtin or an error occurs. Write arguments to the standard output. Display the ARGs, separated by a single space character and followed by a newline, on the standard output. Options: -n do not append a newline -e enable interpretation of the following backslash escapes -E explicitly suppress interpretation of backslash escapes `echo' interprets the following backslash-escaped characters: \a alert (bell) \b backspace \c suppress further output \e escape character \E escape character \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \\ backslash \0nnn the character whose ASCII code is NNN (octal). NNN can be 0 to 3 octal digits \xHH the eight-bit character whose value is HH (hexadecimal). HH can be one or two hex digits Exit Status: Returns success unless a write error occurs. Define local variables. Create a local variable called NAME, and give it VALUE. OPTION can be any option accepted by `declare'. Local variables can only be used within a function; they are visible only to the function where they are defined and its children. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied, a variable assignment error occurs, or the shell is not executing a function. Set variable values and attributes. A synonym for `declare'. See `help declare'. Set variable values and attributes. Declare variables and give them attributes. If no NAMEs are given, display the attributes and values of all variables. Options: -f restrict action or display to function names and definitions -F restrict display to function names only (plus line number and source file when debugging) -g create global variables when used in a shell function; otherwise ignored -p display the attributes and value of each NAME Options which set attributes: -a to make NAMEs indexed arrays (if supported) -A to make NAMEs associative arrays (if supported) -i to make NAMEs have the `integer' attribute -l to convert NAMEs to lower case on assignment -n make NAME a reference to the variable named by its value -r to make NAMEs readonly -t to make NAMEs have the `trace' attribute -u to convert NAMEs to upper case on assignment -x to make NAMEs export Using `+' instead of `-' turns off the given attribute. Variables with the integer attribute have arithmetic evaluation (see the `let' command) performed when the variable is assigned a value. When used in a function, `declare' makes NAMEs local, as with the `local' command. The `-g' option suppresses this behavior. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or a variable assignment error occurs. Execute a simple command or display information about commands. Runs COMMAND with ARGS suppressing shell function lookup, or display information about the specified COMMANDs. Can be used to invoke commands on disk when a function with the same name exists. Options: -p use a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities -v print a description of COMMAND similar to the `type' builtin -V print a more verbose description of each COMMAND Exit Status: Returns exit status of COMMAND, or failure if COMMAND is not found. Return an unsuccessful result. Exit Status: Always fails. Return a successful result. Exit Status: Always succeeds. Null command. No effect; the command does nothing. Exit Status: Always succeeds. Print the name of the current working directory. Options: -L print the value of $PWD if it names the current working directory -P print the physical directory, without any symbolic links By default, `pwd' behaves as if `-L' were specified. Exit Status: Returns 0 unless an invalid option is given or the current directory cannot be read. Change the shell working directory. Change the current directory to DIR. The default DIR is the value of the HOME shell variable. The variable CDPATH defines the search path for the directory containing DIR. Alternative directory names in CDPATH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name is the same as the current directory. If DIR begins with a slash (/), then CDPATH is not used. If the directory is not found, and the shell option `cdable_vars' is set, the word is assumed to be a variable name. If that variable has a value, its value is used for DIR. Options: -L force symbolic links to be followed: resolve symbolic links in DIR after processing instances of `..' -P use the physical directory structure without following symbolic links: resolve symbolic links in DIR before processing instances of `..' -e if the -P option is supplied, and the current working directory cannot be determined successfully, exit with a non-zero status -@ on systems that support it, present a file with extended attributes as a directory containing the file attributes The default is to follow symbolic links, as if `-L' were specified. `..' is processed by removing the immediately previous pathname component back to a slash or the beginning of DIR. Exit Status: Returns 0 if the directory is changed, and if $PWD is set successfully when -P is used; non-zero otherwise. Return the context of the current subroutine call. Without EXPR, returns "$line $filename". With EXPR, returns "$line $subroutine $filename"; this extra information can be used to provide a stack trace. The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before the current one; the top frame is frame 0. Exit Status: Returns 0 unless the shell is not executing a shell function or EXPR is invalid. Execute shell builtins. Execute SHELL-BUILTIN with arguments ARGs without performing command lookup. This is useful when you wish to reimplement a shell builtin as a shell function, but need to execute the builtin within the function. Exit Status: Returns the exit status of SHELL-BUILTIN, or false if SHELL-BUILTIN is not a shell builtin.. Resume for, while, or until loops. Resumes the next iteration of the enclosing FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop. If N is specified, resumes the Nth enclosing loop. Exit Status: The exit status is 0 unless N is not greater than or equal to 1. Exit for, while, or until loops. Exit a FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop. If N is specified, break N enclosing loops. Exit Status: The exit status is 0 unless N is not greater than or equal to 1. Set Readline key bindings and variables. Bind a key sequence to a Readline function or a macro, or set a Readline variable. The non-option argument syntax is equivalent to that found in ~/.inputrc, but must be passed as a single argument: e.g., bind '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Options: -m keymap Use KEYMAP as the keymap for the duration of this command. Acceptable keymap names are emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move, vi-command, and vi-insert. -l List names of functions. -P List function names and bindings. -p List functions and bindings in a form that can be reused as input. -S List key sequences that invoke macros and their values -s List key sequences that invoke macros and their values in a form that can be reused as input. -V List variable names and values -v List variable names and values in a form that can be reused as input. -q function-name Query about which keys invoke the named function. -u function-name Unbind all keys which are bound to the named function. -r keyseq Remove the binding for KEYSEQ. -f filename Read key bindings from FILENAME. -x keyseq:shell-command Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed when KEYSEQ is entered. -X List key sequences bound with -x and associated commands in a form that can be reused as input. Exit Status: bind returns 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurs. Remove each NAME from the list of defined aliases. Options: -a remove all alias definitions Return success unless a NAME is not an existing alias. Define or display aliases. Without arguments, `alias' prints the list of aliases in the reusable form `alias NAME=VALUE' on standard output. Otherwise, an alias is defined for each NAME whose VALUE is given. A trailing space in VALUE causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. Options: -p print all defined aliases in a reusable format Exit Status: alias returns true unless a NAME is supplied for which no alias has been defined. alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] unalias unalias [-a] name [name ...] bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u name] [-r keyseq] [-x keyseq:shell-command] [keyseq:readline-function or readline-command] break break [n] continue continue [n] builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] caller caller [expr] cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir] pwd pwd [-LP] true false command [-pVv] command [arg ...] declare declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...] typeset typeset [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] name[=value] ... local local [option] name[=value] ... echo [-neE] [arg ...] enable enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...] eval [arg ...] getopts getopts optstring name [arg] exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments ...]] [redirection ...] exit [n] logout [n] fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or fc -s [pat=rep] [command] fg [job_spec] bg [job_spec ...] hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name ...] help [-dms] [pattern ...] history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename] or history -ps arg [arg...] jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x command [args] disown disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ... | pid ...] kill kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec ... or kill -l [sigspec] let arg [arg ...] read read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...] return [n] set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option-name] [--] [arg ...] unset [-f] [-v] [-n] [name ...] export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or export -p readonly readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readonly -p shift shift [n] source source filename [arguments] . filename [arguments] suspend [-f] test test [expr] [ arg... ] times trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...] type [-afptP] name [name ...] ulimit ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [limit] umask umask [-p] [-S] [mode] wait wait [-n] [id ...] for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; done for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMANDS; done select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMANDS; done time [-p] pipeline case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS ;;]... esac if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; ]... [ else COMMANDS; ] fi while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done coproc [NAME] command [redirections] function name { COMMANDS ; } or name () { COMMANDS ; } { ... } job_spec [&] (( ... )) (( expression )) [[ ... ]] [[ expression ]] variables - Names and meanings of some shell variables pushd pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir] popd popd [-n] [+N | -N] dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N] shopt shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...] printf printf [-v var] format [arguments] complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DE] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [name ...] compgen compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [word] compopt compopt [-o|+o option] [-DE] [name ...] mapfile mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array] readarray readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array] m E" d) o7 o7 +Q xR %[

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